Blessing's to all who have found their way to my door step. By clicking this site you have allowed yourself
to become aware. Before you can understand what it is to be aware; first you must remember what it felt
like to be unaware. To do this there is an exercise as simple as breathing; that once mastered will allow
you to bridge the gap between the con. matrix vs. the subcon. matrix.
There is no fee, for if it were you and I would have never became aware. If you have arrived here to soon;
I wish you well on your travel. It is best that way;................."For receiving to early is as bad recieving to late."
Light Year - The distance between stars and galaxies in the universe is so vast it would be unwieldy to describe it in miles - like measuring the distance from New York to Tokyo in inches! Instead, scientists use light-years to measure distances in space. This sounds like a unit of time, but a light-year is actually a distance: the distance that light travels in one year. But how far exactly is a light-year? A ray of light travels 186,000 miles per second. There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, 24 hours in a day, and 365 days in a year. Multiply these together to get 31,500,000 seconds in a year. Multiply that times 186,000 miles per second and you get 5,850,000,000,000 miles - about 6 trillion miles. Meridian - This is an imaginary great circle on the sky that goes through the celestial north and south poles, the zenith (highest point overhead), and the nadir (the point opposite the zenith below the observer). It separates the daytime motions of the Sun into "a.m.'' and "p.m.'' marking the noon position of the Sun. It also marks the midnight point of the heavens, when "p.m." changes into "a.m.". The azimuth of an object on the meridian in the northern sky = 0° and the azimuth of an object on the meridian in the southern sky = 180° Moon Phases: New Moon - This phase occurs when the Moon is not illuminated by direct sunlight. It is invisible to the naked eye. The Sun's glow hides (embraces) the Moon now. This phase is also called the "dark of the Moon" when the Sun and Moon are exactly conjunct. This is the time when our soul goes into deep meditation and aligns with the inspiration of the Nirmanakayas. A new cycle begins and what is conceived at this time occurs deep within our being. A potential is enlivened and the seed is formed. The New Moon transits about the same time as the Sun ... it rises and sets with the Sun. Waxing Crescent - This phase occurs when the visible Moon is partly but less than one-half illuminated by direct sunlight ... the illuminated part is increasing. What was conceived at the New Moon begins its process of waxing or gestating. The Sun provides the increasing light of awareness and fuel for the process. Obstacles from the past might arise to impede this growth in consciousness. The work to overcome these obstacles begins now. The waxing Moon transits less than 6 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east after sunrise and before noon. It is seen in the southern sky after 12 noon and in the western night sky just after sunset appearing higher in the sky with each successive evening. It sets before midnight. First Quarter - This phase occurs when one-half of the Moon is illuminated by direct sunlight ... the illuminated part is increasing. The Moon squares the Sun. This Moon signals the balance between light and dark ... moving toward the light. During this time a continued awareness of that which was conceived at the New Moon is gained. Ideally any obstacles impeding this awareness are overcome at this time. This must happen if the energy released with the coming Full Moon is to be utilized. The First Quarter Moon transits 6 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east at about noon, appears in the southern sky at sunset and sets in the west 6 hours after the Sun around the midnight hour. Waxing Gibbous - This phase occurs when the Moon is more than one-half but not fully illuminated by direct sunlight … the illuminated part is increasing. Illumination and growth are offered during this Moon phase, only if the obstacles from the past are cleared away. Patterns set at the First Quarter Moon, whether characterized by a growing consciousness or restricted by old entanglements, will continue to develop throughout this phase. The waxing Gibbous Moon transits more than 6 but less than 12 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east after 12 noon and before sunset. It is seen in the southern sky after sunset and before midnight and sets after midnight and before sunrise. Full Moon - This occurs when the visible Moon is fully illuminated by direct sunlight. At the Full Moon the Sun and Moon are in opposition. The light of the Sun reveals the fullness of what was conceived at the New Moon or "dark of the Moon." The seed, potential of that conception, now comes to fruition and is birthed into the full light of our conscious minds. If a positive attitude toward growth has been developed and the restrictions of the past have been released during the waxing Moon, then the Full Moon can bring fulfillment. If a negative attitude has dominated during this period of increasing light, then the Full Moon might bring serious mental conflicts, possibly affecting the physical body. The Full Moon transits 12 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east as the Sun sets in the west, appears in the southern sky around the midnight hour and sets in the west at sunrise. Waning Gibbous - This phase occurs when the Moon is partly but more than one-half illuminated by direct sunlight ... the illuminated part is decreasing. Ideally this phase brings illumination to the influences of the entire lunar cycle. If not, dis-ease results. The Waning Gibbous Moon transits more than 12 and less than 18 hours after the Sun. With each successive night after the Full Moon, the waning Moon rises in the east about 48 minutes later until it is rising in the early morning hours. (Some prefer using 1 hour rather than 48 minutes in approximating the moonrise.) It appears in the southern sky before sunrise and sets in the afternoon. Last Quarter - This phase occurs when one-half of the Moon appears illuminated by direct sunlight ... the illuminated part is decreasing. The Moon squares the Sun. This Moon can bring a crisis in consciousness. This cycle's experiences have culminated and one must now prepare for rebirth. The Last Quarter Moon transits 6 hours before the Sun. This Moon rises in the east in the early morning hours, appears in the southern sky at sunrise and sets in the west 6 hours before the Sun. Waning Crescent - occurs when the Moon is partly but less than one-half illuminated by direct sunlight while the illuminated part is decreasing. This is a time for conscious growth as the Moon dissipates its collected solar potential. Enlightenment at a deep level brings clarification of conscious values. Rebirth can occur. The Waning Crescent Moon transits less than 6 hours before the Sun. It rises less than 6 hours before the Sun, appears in the southern sky less than 6 hours before noon and sets less than 6 hours before the Sun. ....there is knowledge here.... but if you have missed it; start again from page 1. ...And this time remember your breath....
Light Year - The distance between stars and galaxies in the universe is so vast it would be unwieldy to describe it in miles - like measuring the distance from New York to Tokyo in inches! Instead, scientists use light-years to measure distances in space. This sounds like a unit of time, but a light-year is actually a distance: the distance that light travels in one year. But how far exactly is a light-year? A ray of light travels 186,000 miles per second. There are 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, 24 hours in a day, and 365 days in a year. Multiply these together to get 31,500,000 seconds in a year. Multiply that times 186,000 miles per second and you get 5,850,000,000,000 miles - about 6 trillion miles.
Meridian - This is an imaginary great circle on the sky that goes through the celestial north and south poles, the zenith (highest point overhead), and the nadir (the point opposite the zenith below the observer). It separates the daytime motions of the Sun into "a.m.'' and "p.m.'' marking the noon position of the Sun. It also marks the midnight point of the heavens, when "p.m." changes into "a.m.". The azimuth of an object on the meridian in the northern sky = 0° and the azimuth of an object on the meridian in the southern sky = 180°
Moon Phases:
New Moon - This phase occurs when the Moon is not illuminated by direct sunlight. It is invisible to the naked eye. The Sun's glow hides (embraces) the Moon now. This phase is also called the "dark of the Moon" when the Sun and Moon are exactly conjunct.
This is the time when our soul goes into deep meditation and aligns with the inspiration of the Nirmanakayas. A new cycle begins and what is conceived at this time occurs deep within our being. A potential is enlivened and the seed is formed. The New Moon transits about the same time as the Sun ... it rises and sets with the Sun.
This is the time when our soul goes into deep meditation and aligns with the inspiration of the Nirmanakayas. A new cycle begins and what is conceived at this time occurs deep within our being. A potential is enlivened and the seed is formed.
The New Moon transits about the same time as the Sun ... it rises and sets with the Sun.
Waxing Crescent - This phase occurs when the visible Moon is partly but less than one-half illuminated by direct sunlight ... the illuminated part is increasing.
What was conceived at the New Moon begins its process of waxing or gestating. The Sun provides the increasing light of awareness and fuel for the process. Obstacles from the past might arise to impede this growth in consciousness. The work to overcome these obstacles begins now. The waxing Moon transits less than 6 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east after sunrise and before noon. It is seen in the southern sky after 12 noon and in the western night sky just after sunset appearing higher in the sky with each successive evening. It sets before midnight.
What was conceived at the New Moon begins its process of waxing or gestating. The Sun provides the increasing light of awareness and fuel for the process. Obstacles from the past might arise to impede this growth in consciousness. The work to overcome these obstacles begins now.
The waxing Moon transits less than 6 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east after sunrise and before noon. It is seen in the southern sky after 12 noon and in the western night sky just after sunset appearing higher in the sky with each successive evening. It sets before midnight.
First Quarter - This phase occurs when one-half of the Moon is illuminated by direct sunlight ... the illuminated part is increasing. The Moon squares the Sun.
This Moon signals the balance between light and dark ... moving toward the light. During this time a continued awareness of that which was conceived at the New Moon is gained. Ideally any obstacles impeding this awareness are overcome at this time. This must happen if the energy released with the coming Full Moon is to be utilized. The First Quarter Moon transits 6 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east at about noon, appears in the southern sky at sunset and sets in the west 6 hours after the Sun around the midnight hour.
This Moon signals the balance between light and dark ... moving toward the light. During this time a continued awareness of that which was conceived at the New Moon is gained. Ideally any obstacles impeding this awareness are overcome at this time. This must happen if the energy released with the coming Full Moon is to be utilized.
The First Quarter Moon transits 6 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east at about noon, appears in the southern sky at sunset and sets in the west 6 hours after the Sun around the midnight hour.
Waxing Gibbous - This phase occurs when the Moon is more than one-half but not fully illuminated by direct sunlight … the illuminated part is increasing.
Illumination and growth are offered during this Moon phase, only if the obstacles from the past are cleared away. Patterns set at the First Quarter Moon, whether characterized by a growing consciousness or restricted by old entanglements, will continue to develop throughout this phase. The waxing Gibbous Moon transits more than 6 but less than 12 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east after 12 noon and before sunset. It is seen in the southern sky after sunset and before midnight and sets after midnight and before sunrise.
Illumination and growth are offered during this Moon phase, only if the obstacles from the past are cleared away. Patterns set at the First Quarter Moon, whether characterized by a growing consciousness or restricted by old entanglements, will continue to develop throughout this phase.
The waxing Gibbous Moon transits more than 6 but less than 12 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east after 12 noon and before sunset. It is seen in the southern sky after sunset and before midnight and sets after midnight and before sunrise.
Full Moon - This occurs when the visible Moon is fully illuminated by direct sunlight. At the Full Moon the Sun and Moon are in opposition.
The light of the Sun reveals the fullness of what was conceived at the New Moon or "dark of the Moon." The seed, potential of that conception, now comes to fruition and is birthed into the full light of our conscious minds. If a positive attitude toward growth has been developed and the restrictions of the past have been released during the waxing Moon, then the Full Moon can bring fulfillment. If a negative attitude has dominated during this period of increasing light, then the Full Moon might bring serious mental conflicts, possibly affecting the physical body. The Full Moon transits 12 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east as the Sun sets in the west, appears in the southern sky around the midnight hour and sets in the west at sunrise.
The light of the Sun reveals the fullness of what was conceived at the New Moon or "dark of the Moon." The seed, potential of that conception, now comes to fruition and is birthed into the full light of our conscious minds. If a positive attitude toward growth has been developed and the restrictions of the past have been released during the waxing Moon, then the Full Moon can bring fulfillment. If a negative attitude has dominated during this period of increasing light, then the Full Moon might bring serious mental conflicts, possibly affecting the physical body.
The Full Moon transits 12 hours after the Sun. It rises in the east as the Sun sets in the west, appears in the southern sky around the midnight hour and sets in the west at sunrise.
Waning Gibbous - This phase occurs when the Moon is partly but more than one-half illuminated by direct sunlight ... the illuminated part is decreasing.
Ideally this phase brings illumination to the influences of the entire lunar cycle. If not, dis-ease results. The Waning Gibbous Moon transits more than 12 and less than 18 hours after the Sun. With each successive night after the Full Moon, the waning Moon rises in the east about 48 minutes later until it is rising in the early morning hours. (Some prefer using 1 hour rather than 48 minutes in approximating the moonrise.) It appears in the southern sky before sunrise and sets in the afternoon.
Ideally this phase brings illumination to the influences of the entire lunar cycle. If not, dis-ease results.
The Waning Gibbous Moon transits more than 12 and less than 18 hours after the Sun. With each successive night after the Full Moon, the waning Moon rises in the east about 48 minutes later until it is rising in the early morning hours. (Some prefer using 1 hour rather than 48 minutes in approximating the moonrise.) It appears in the southern sky before sunrise and sets in the afternoon.
Last Quarter - This phase occurs when one-half of the Moon appears illuminated by direct sunlight ... the illuminated part is decreasing. The Moon squares the Sun.
This Moon can bring a crisis in consciousness. This cycle's experiences have culminated and one must now prepare for rebirth. The Last Quarter Moon transits 6 hours before the Sun. This Moon rises in the east in the early morning hours, appears in the southern sky at sunrise and sets in the west 6 hours before the Sun.
This Moon can bring a crisis in consciousness. This cycle's experiences have culminated and one must now prepare for rebirth.
The Last Quarter Moon transits 6 hours before the Sun. This Moon rises in the east in the early morning hours, appears in the southern sky at sunrise and sets in the west 6 hours before the Sun.
Waning Crescent - occurs when the Moon is partly but less than one-half illuminated by direct sunlight while the illuminated part is decreasing.
This is a time for conscious growth as the Moon dissipates its collected solar potential. Enlightenment at a deep level brings clarification of conscious values. Rebirth can occur. The Waning Crescent Moon transits less than 6 hours before the Sun. It rises less than 6 hours before the Sun, appears in the southern sky less than 6 hours before noon and sets less than 6 hours before the Sun. ....there is knowledge here.... but if you have missed it; start again from page 1. ...And this time remember your breath....
This is a time for conscious growth as the Moon dissipates its collected solar potential. Enlightenment at a deep level brings clarification of conscious values. Rebirth can occur.
The Waning Crescent Moon transits less than 6 hours before the Sun. It rises less than 6 hours before the Sun, appears in the southern sky less than 6 hours before noon and sets less than 6 hours before the Sun. ....there is knowledge here.... but if you have missed it; start again from page 1. ...And this time remember your breath....
The Waning Crescent Moon transits less than 6 hours before the Sun. It rises less than 6 hours before the Sun, appears in the southern sky less than 6 hours before noon and sets less than 6 hours before the Sun.
....there is knowledge here.... but if you have missed it; start again from page 1. ...And this time remember your breath....
Bless....
we have many things to do...will u help?
This article is about the astronomical concept. For other uses of the word, see Meridian.
In the sky, a meridian is an imaginary great circle on the celestial sphere. It passes through the north point on the horizon, through the celestial pole, up to the zenith, through the south point on the horizon, and through the nadir, and is perpendicular to the local horizon.
Because it is fixed to the local horizon, stars will appear to drift past the local meridian as the earth spins. You can use an object's right ascension and the local sidereal time to determine when it will cross your local meridian, or culminate (see hour angle).
The upper meridian is the half above the horizon, the lower meridian the half below it.
.............We have a lot to do...... lets Begin...
A meridian (or line of longitude) is an imaginary arc on the Earth's surface from the North Pole to the South Pole that connects all locations running along it with a given longitude. The position of a point on the meridian is given by the latitude. Each meridian is perpendicular to all circles of latitude at the intersection points. Each is also the same size, being half of a great circle on the Earth's surface and therefore measuring 20,003.93 km.
Since the meridian that passes through Greenwich, England, establishes the meaning of zero degrees of longitude, or the Prime Meridian, any other meridian is identified by the angle, referenced to the center of the earth as vertex, between where it and the prime meridian cross the equator. As there are 360 degrees in a circle, the meridian on the opposite side of the earth from Greenwich (which forms the other half of a circle with the two through Greenwich) is 180° longitude, and the others lie between 0° and 180° of West longitude in the Western Hemisphere (west of Greenwich) and between 0° and 180° of East longitude in the Eastern Hemisphere (east of Greenwich). You can see the lines of longitude on most maps.
The term "meridian" comes from the Latin meridies, meaning "midday"; the sun crosses a given meridian midway between the times of sunrise and sunset on that meridian. The same Latin stem gives rise to the terms A.M. (Ante Meridian) and P.M. (Post Meridian) used to disambiguate hours of the day when using the 12-hour clock.
The magnetic meridian is an equivalent imaginary line connecting the magnetic south and north poles and can be taken as the magnetic force lines along the surface of the earth[1]. That is, a compass needle will be parallel to the magnetic meridian. The angle between the magnetic and the true meridian is the Magnetic declination, which is relevant for navigating with a compass.[2]
.............?...................
...................or is it another dimension
In mathematics and physics, the dimension of a space or object is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify each point within it.[1][2] Thus a line has a dimension of one because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on it. A surface such as a plane or the surface of a cylinder or sphere has a dimension of two because two coordinates are needed to specify a point on it (for example, to locate a point on the surface of a sphere you need both its latitude and its longitude). Cubes, cylinders and spheres are three-dimensional.
The concept of dimension is not restricted to physical objects. High-dimensional spaces occur in mathematics and the sciences for many reasons, frequently as configuration spaces such as in Lagrangian or Hamiltonian mechanics; these are abstract spaces, independent of the physical space we live in. The state-space of quantum mechanics is an infinite-dimensional function space. Some physical theories are also by nature high-dimensional, such as the 4-dimensional general relativity and higher-dimensional string theories.
In mathematics, the dimension of an object is an intrinsic property, independent of the space in which the object may happen to be embedded. For example: a point on the unit circle in the plane can be specified by two Cartesian coordinates but one can make do with a single coordinate (the polar coordinate angle), so the circle is 1-dimensional even though it exists in the 2-dimensional plane. This intrinsic notion of dimension is one of the chief ways in which the mathematical notion of dimension differs from its common usages.
The dimension of Euclidean n-space E n is n. When trying to generalize to other types of spaces, one is faced with the question “what makes E n n-dimensional?" One answer is that in order to cover a fixed ball in E n by small balls of radius ε, one needs on the order of ε−n such small balls. This observation leads to the definition of the Minkowski dimension and its more sophisticated variant, the Hausdorff dimension. But there are also other answers to that question. For example, one may observe that the boundary of a ball in E n looks locally like E n − 1 and this leads to the notion of the inductive dimension. While these notions agree on E n, they turn out to be different when one looks at more general spaces.
A tesseract is an example of a four-dimensional object. Whereas outside of mathematics the use of the term "dimension" is as in: "A tesseract has four dimensions," mathematicians usually express this as: "The tesseract has dimension 4," or: "The dimension of the tesseract is 4."
Although the notion of higher dimensions goes back to René Descartes, substantial development of a higher-dimensional geometry only began in the 19th century, via the work of Arthur Cayley, William Rowan Hamilton, Ludwig Schläfli and Bernhard Riemann. Riemann's 1854 Habilitationsschrift, Schlafi's 1852 Theorie der vielfachen Kontinuität, Hamilton's 1843 discovery of the quaternions and the construction of the Cayley Algebra marked the beginning of higher-dimensional geometry.
The rest of this section examines some of the more important mathematical definitions of dimension.
For vector spaces, there is a natural concept of dimension, namely the cardinality of a basis.
A connected topological manifold is locally homeomorphic to Euclidean n-space, and the number n is called the manifold's dimension. One can show that this yields a uniquely defined dimension for every connected topological manifold.
The theory of manifolds, in the field of geometric topology, is characterized by the way dimensions 1 and 2 are relatively elementary, the high-dimensional cases n > 4 are simplified by having extra space in which to 'work'; and the cases n = 3 and 4 are in some senses the most difficult. This state of affairs was highly marked in the various cases of the Poincaré conjecture, where four different proof methods are applied.
For any normal topological space X, the Lebesgue covering dimension of X is defined to be n if n is the smallest integer for which the following holds: any open cover has an open refinement (a second open cover where each element is a subset of an element in the first cover) such that no point is included in more than n + 1 elements. In this case we write dim X = n. For X a manifold, this coincides with the dimension mentioned above. If no such integer n exists, then the dimension of X is said to be infinite, and we write dim X = ∞. Note also that we say X has dimension −1, i.e. dim X = −1 if and only if X is empty. This definition of covering dimension can be extended from the class of normal spaces to all Tychonoff spaces merely by replacing the term "open" in the definition by the term "functionally open".
An inductive definition of dimension can be created as follows. Consider a discrete set of points (such as a finite collection of points) to be 0-dimensional. By dragging a 0-dimensional object in some direction, one obtains a 1-dimensional object. By dragging a 1-dimensional object in a new direction, one obtains a 2-dimensional object. In general one obtains an n+1-dimensional object by dragging an n dimensional object in a new direction.
The inductive dimension of a topological space may refer to the small inductive dimension or the large inductive dimension, and is based on the analogy that (n + 1)-dimensional balls have n dimensional boundaries, permitting an inductive definition based on the dimension of the boundaries of open sets.
For sets which are of a complicated structure, especially fractals, the Hausdorff dimension is useful. The Hausdorff dimension is defined for all metric spaces and, unlike the Hamel dimension, can also attain non-integer real values.[3] The box dimension or Minkowski dimension is a variant of the same idea. In general, there exist more definitions of fractal dimensions that work for highly irregular sets and attain non-integer positive real values.
Every Hilbert space admits an orthonormal basis, and any two such bases for a particular space have the same cardinality. This cardinality is called the dimension of the Hilbert space. This dimension is finite if and only if the space's Hamel dimension is finite, and in this case the above dimensions coincide.
Classical physics theories describe three physical dimensions: from a particular point in space, the basic directions in which we can move are up/down, left/right, and forward/backward. Movement in any other direction can be expressed in terms of just these three. Moving down is the same as moving up a negative distance. Moving diagonally upward and forward is just as the name of the direction implies; i.e., moving in a linear combination of up and forward. In its simplest form: a line describes one dimension, a plane describes two dimensions, and a cube describes three dimensions. (See Space and Cartesian coordinate system.)
A temporal dimension is a dimension of time. Time is often referred to as the "fourth dimension" for this reason, but that is not to imply that it is a spatial dimension. A temporal dimension is one way to measure physical change. It is perceived differently from the three spatial dimensions in that there is only one of it, and that we cannot move freely in time but subjectively move in one direction.
The equations used in physics to model reality do not treat time in the same way that humans perceive it. The equations of classical mechanics are symmetric with respect to time, and equations of quantum mechanics are typically symmetric if both time and other quantities (such as charge and parity) are reversed. In these models, the perception of time flowing in one direction is an artifact of the laws of thermodynamics (we perceive time as flowing in the direction of increasing entropy).
The best-known treatment of time as a dimension is Poincaré and Einstein's special relativity (and extended to general relativity), which treats perceived space and time as components of a four-dimensional manifold, known as spacetime, and in the special, flat case as Minkowski space.
Theories such as string theory and M-theory predict that physical space in general has in fact 10 and 11 dimensions, respectively. The extra dimensions are spacelike. We perceive only three spatial dimensions, and no physical experiments have confirmed the reality of additional dimensions. A possible explanation that has been suggested is that space acts as if it were "curled up" in the extra dimensions on a subatomic scale, possibly at the quark/string level of scale or below. Another less-held fringe view asserts that dimensions beyond the fourth progressively condense timelines and universes into single spatial points in the above dimension, until the tenth, where a 0-dimensional point equates to all possible timelines in all possible universes.[4]
Perhaps the most basic way in which the word dimension is used in literature is as a hyperbolic synonym for feature, attribute, aspect, or magnitude. Frequently the hyperbole is quite literal as in he's so 2-dimensional, meaning that one can see at a glance what he is. This contrasts with 3-dimensional objects which have an interior that is hidden from view, and a back that can only be seen with further examination.
Science fiction texts often mention the concept of dimension, when really referring to parallel universes, alternate universes, or other planes of existence. This usage is derived from the idea that in order to travel to parallel/alternate universes/planes of existence one must travel in a spatial direction/dimension besides the standard ones. In effect, the other universes/planes are just a small distance away from our own, but the distance is in a fourth (or higher) spatial dimension, not the standard ones.
One of the most heralded science fiction novellas regarding true geometric dimensionality, and often recommended as a starting point for those just starting to investigate such matters, is the 1884 novel Flatland by Edwin A. Abbott. Isaac Asimov, in his foreword to the Signet Classics 1984 edition, described Flatland as "The best introduction one can find into the manner of perceiving dimensions."
Another reference would be the novel "A Wrinkle In Time" which uses the 5th Dimension as a way for Tesseracting the universe. Or in a better sense, folding the universe in half to move across it quickly.
In 1783, Kant wrote: "That everywhere space (which is not itself the boundary of another space) has three dimensions and that space in general cannot have more dimensions is based on the proposition that not more than three lines can intersect at right angles in one point. This proposition cannot at all be shown from concepts, but rests immediately on intuition and indeed on pure intuition a priori because it is apodictically (demonstrably) certain."[5]
..............................Let the GROUND FLOOR Be our foundation...........
..............................and let us build in all Dimensions of peace.....
..................We welcome the new and old.....the wise and foolish........the brave and timid...................
also none of the above....... as well as all.....
Do you share with these sorts?
What is it you bring, why, and what wages do you seek in return?
There are none. There are also plenty.
For amongst the many we find the few?
.....and do we still forget about out breath so easy?
Is it worth it to us to try again?
Will we try to start from here.......?
Or will we find root in the soil of the beginning?
Bless
......Why not share?
Am I sharing that which you deny...?
For you bring only yourself and share nothing...?
Only leaving behind a toxic waste with a half-life...?
Find your center......... at THe Beginning...?
...or will you let it lead you to your end? ? ? Just for thought...
...and on our foundation.....Have you made progress with your breath?
The concrete Truth is so simple that it can be understood by a child...though the source of all Truth is the source of all of the abstract complexity in the universe. We are impoverished if we approach the slightest abstraction without a hint of humility.
.............Yes .....Yes.....
There is knowledge here....
Is it not the people who share, who truly have room?.............to receive?
Is it not the humble who see in the tru light?
is there anything other than a peaceful way to arrive at a true "solution"?
Humility is a badge of honor, that can not be counterfietied...
bless 2 all
.........Did u get up on the wrong side of the bed this ...... ??
Whice side is that? Does it have anything to do with the side I went to sleep on?
Is this only a question for those fortunate enough to have beds to get up on?
............Is this even a valid question?...........
....Think......don't over think. What about your breath? You have so much power, let your passion guide your focus....in peace.
"Start a new" and begin this "time" with a humble "......"
Is this the place where we look for aliens, time travelers, and espers?
Extraterrestrial life is defined as life which does not originate from planet Earth. It is the subject of astrobiology and its existence remains hypothetical since to date no credible evidence of extraterrestrial life has been discovered which has been generally accepted by the mainstream scientific community. Hypotheses regarding the origin(s) of extraterrestrial life, if it indeed exists, are as follows: one proposes that it may have emerged, independently, from different places in the universe. An alternative hypothesis is panspermia, which holds that life emerges from one location, then spreads between habitable planets. These two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. The study and theorization of extraterrestrial life is known as astrobiology, exobiology or xenobiology. Speculated forms of extraterrestrial life range from life at the scale of bacteria to sapient or sentient beings.
Suggested locations which might have once developed, or presently continue to host life similar to our own, include the planets Venus[1] and Mars, moons of Jupiter and Saturn (e.g. Europa,[2] Enceladus and Titan) and Gliese 581 c and d, recently discovered to be near Earth-mass extrasolar planets apparently located in their star's habitable zone, and with the potential to have liquid water.[3]
Several theories have been proposed about the possible basis of alien life from a biochemical, evolutionary or morphological viewpoint.
All life on Earth requires carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus as well as numerous other elements in smaller amounts, notably minerals; it also requires water as the solvent in which biochemical reactions take place. Sufficient quantities of carbon and the other major life-forming elements, along with water, may enable the formation of living organisms on other planets with a chemical make-up and average temperature similar to that of Earth. Because Earth and other planets are made up of "star dust", i.e. relatively abundant chemical elements formed from stars which have ended their lives as supernovae, it is very probable that other planets may have been formed by elements of a similar composition to the Earth's. The combination of carbon and water in the chemical form of carbohydrates (e.g. sugar) can be a source of chemical energy on which life depends, and can also provide structural elements for life (such as ribose, in the molecules DNA and RNA, and cellulose in plants). Plants derive energy through the conversion of light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis. Life requires carbon in both reduced (methane derivatives) and partially-oxidized (carbon oxides) states. It also requires nitrogen as a reduced ammonia derivative in all proteins, sulfur as a derivative of hydrogen sulfide in some necessary proteins, and phosphorus oxidized to phosphates in genetic material and in energy transfer. Adequate water as a solvent supplies adequate oxygen as constituents of biochemical substances.
Pure water is useful because it has a neutral pH due to its continued dissociation between hydroxide and hydronium ions. As a result, it can dissolve both positive metallic ions and negative non-metallic ions with equal ability. Furthermore, the fact that organic molecules can be either hydrophobic (repelled by water) or hydrophilic (soluble in water) creates the ability of organic compounds to orient themselves to form water-enclosing membranes. The fact that solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water also means that ice floats, thereby preventing Earth's oceans from slowly freezing. Without this quality, the oceans could have frozen solid during the Snowball Earth episodes. Additionally, the Van der Waals forces between water molecules give it an ability to store energy with evaporation, which upon condensation is released. This helps to moderate the climate, cooling the tropics and warming the poles, helping to maintain the thermodynamic stability needed for life.
Carbon is fundamental to terrestrial life for its immense flexibility in creating covalent chemical bonds with a variety of non-metallic elements, principally nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. Carbon dioxide and water together enable the storage of solar energy in sugars, such as glucose. The oxidation of glucose releases biochemical energy needed to fuel all other biochemical reactions.
The ability to form organic acids (–COOH) and amine bases (–NH2) gives rise to the possibility of neutralization dehydrating reactions to build long polymer peptides and catalytic proteins from monomer amino acids, and with phosphates to build not only DNA (the information-storing molecule of inheritance), but also ATP (the principal energy "currency" of cellular life).
Due to their relative abundance and usefulness in sustaining life, many have hypothesized that lifeforms elsewhere in the universe would also utilize these basic materials. However, other elements and solvents could also provide a basis for life. Silicon is most often deemed to be the probable alternative to carbon. Silicon lifeforms are proposed to have a crystalline morphology, and are theorized to be able to exist in high temperatures, such as on planets which are very close to their star. Life forms based in ammonia (rather than water) have also been suggested, though this solution appears less optimal than water.[4]
When looked at from a chemical perspective, life is fundamentally a self-replicating reaction, but one which could arise under a great many conditions and with various possible ingredients, though carbon-oxygen within the liquid temperature range of water seems most conducive. Suggestions have even been made that self-replicating reactions of some sort could occur within the plasma of a star, though it would be highly unconventional.[5]
Several pre-conceived ideas about the characteristics of life outside of Earth have been questioned. For example, NASA scientists believe that the color of photosynthesizing pigments on extrasolar planets might not be green.[6]
In addition to the biochemical basis of extraterrestrial life, many have also considered evolution and morphology. Science fiction has often depicted extraterrestrial life with humanoid and/or reptilian forms. Aliens have often been depicted as having light green or grey skin, with a large head, as well as four limbs — i.e. fundamentally humanoid. Other subjects, such as felines and insects, have also occurred in fictional representations of aliens.
A division has been suggested between universal and parochial (narrowly restricted) characteristics. Universals are features which are thought to have evolved independently more than once on Earth (and thus, presumably, are not too difficult to develop) and are so intrinsically useful that species will inevitably tend towards them. These include flight, sight, photosynthesis and limbs, all of which are thought to have evolved several times here on Earth. There is a huge variety of eyes, for example, and many of these have radically different working schematics and different visual foci: the visual spectrum, infrared, polarity and echolocation. Parochials, however, are essentially arbitrary evolutionary forms. These often have little inherent utility (or at least have a function which can be equally served by dissimilar morphology) and probably will not be replicated. Intelligent aliens could communicate through gestures, as deaf humans do, or by sounds created from structures unrelated to breathing, which happens on Earth when, for instance, cicadas vibrate their wings, or crickets rub their legs.
Attempting to define parochial features challenges many taken-for-granted notions about morphological necessity. Skeletons, which are essential to large terrestrial organisms according to the experts of the field of Gravitational biology, are almost assured to be replicated elsewhere in one form or another. Many also conjecture as to some type of egg-laying amongst extraterrestrial creatures, but mammalian mammary glands might be a singular case.
The assumption of radical diversity amongst putative extraterrestrials is by no means settled. While many exobiologists do stress that the enormously heterogeneous nature of life on Earth foregrounds an even greater variety in space, others point out that convergent evolution may dictate substantial similarities between Earth and extraterrestrial life. These two schools of thought are called "divergionism" and "convergionism" respectively.[5]
Beliefs in extraterrestrial life may have been present in ancient Babylon, Assyria, Sumer, Egypt, Arabia, China, India, and South America, although in these societies, cosmology was often associated with the supernatural, and the notion of alien life is difficult to distinguish from that of gods, demons, and such. The first important Western thinkers to argue systematically for a universe full of other planets and, therefore, possible extraterrestrial life were the ancient Greek writer Thales and his student Anaximander in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. The atomists of Greece took up the idea, arguing that an infinite universe ought to have an infinity of populated worlds. Ancient Greek cosmology worked against the idea of extraterrestrial life in one critical respect, however: the geocentric universe. Championed by Aristotle and codified by Ptolemy, it favored the Earth and Earth-life (Aristotle denied that there could be a plurality of worlds) and seemingly rendered extraterrestrial life philosophically untenable. Lucian, in his novels, described inhabitants of the Moon and other celestial bodies as humanoids, but significantly different from humans.
Authors of Jewish sources also considered extraterrestrial life. The Talmud states that there are at least 18,000 other worlds, but provides little elaboration on the nature of those worlds, or on whether they are physical or spiritual. Based on this, however, the 18th century exposition "Sefer HaB'rit" posits that extraterrestrial creatures exist, and that some may well possess intelligence. It adds that human beings should not expect creatures from another world to resemble earthly life any more than sea creatures resemble land animals.[7][8]
Hindu beliefs of endlessly repeated cycles of life have led to descriptions of multiple worlds in existence and their mutual contacts (Sanskrit word Sampark (सम्पर्क) means 'contact' as in Mahasamparka (महासम्पर्क) = the great contact). According to Hindu scriptures, there are innumerable universes created by God to facilitate the fulfillment of the separated desires of innumerable living entities. However, the purpose of such creations is to bring back the deluded souls to correct understanding about the purpose of life. Aside from the innumerable universes which are material, there is also the unlimited spiritual world, where the purified living entities live with perfect conception about life and ultimate reality. The life of these purified beings is centered on loving devotional services to God. The spiritually aspiring saints and devotees, as well as thoughtful men of the material world, have been getting guidance and help from these purified living entities of the spiritual world from time immemorial. However, the relevance of such descriptions has to be evaluated in the context of a correct understanding of geography and science at those times.
Within Islam, the statement of the Qur'an "All praise belongs to God, Lord of all the worlds" indicates multiple universal bodies, and maybe even multiple universes, which may indicate extraterrestrial and even extradimensional life. Surat Al-Jinn also mentioned a statement from a Jinn regarding the current status and ability of his group in the heavens.
According to Ahmadiyya Islam a more direct reference from the Quran is presented by Mirza Tahir Ahmad as a proof that life on other planets may exist according to the Quran. In his book, Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth, he quotes verse 42:29 "And among His Signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and of whatever living creatures (da'bbah) He has spread forth in both..."; according to this verse there is life in heavens. According to the same verse "And He has the power to gather them together (jam-'i-him) when He will so please"; indicates the bringing together the life on Earth and the life elsewhere in the universe. The verse does not specify the time or the place of this meeting but rather states that this event will most certainly come to pass whenever God so desires. It should be pointed out that the Arabic term Jam-i-him used to express the gathering event can imply either a physical encounter or a contact through communication.[9]
When Christianity spread throughout the West, the Ptolemaic system became very widely accepted, and although the Church never issued any formal pronouncement on the question of alien life[10], at least tacitly, the idea was aberrant. In 1277, the Bishop of Paris, Étienne Tempier, did overturn Aristotle on one point: God could have created more than one world (given His omnipotence). Taking a further step, and arguing that aliens actually existed, remained rare. Notably, Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa speculated about aliens on the moon and sun.
There was a dramatic shift in thinking initiated by the invention of the telescope and the Copernican assault on geocentric cosmology. Once it became clear that the Earth was merely one planet amongst countless bodies in the universe, the extraterrestrial idea moved towards the scientific mainstream. God's omnipotence, it could be argued, not only allowed for other worlds and other life; on some level, it necessitated them. The best known early-modern proponent of such ideas was the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, who argued in the 16th century for an infinite universe in which every star is surrounded by its own solar system. Bruno's thoughts about God and the universe led to his eventual condemnation as a heretic by the Catholic church, as a result of which he was burned at the stake.
In the early 17th century the Czech astronomer Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita mused that "if Jupiter has (...) inhabitants (...) they must be larger and more beautiful than the inhabitants of the Earth, in proportion to the [characteristics] of the two spheres".[11] Dominican monk Tommaso Campanella wrote about a Solarian alien race in his Civitas Solis. The Catholic Church has not made a formal ruling on existence of extraterrestrials. However, writing in the Vatican newspaper, the astronomer, Father José Gabriel Funes, director of the Vatican Observatory near Rome, said in 2008 that intelligent beings created by God could exist in outer space.[12]
Such comparisons also appeared in poetry of the era. In "The Creation: a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books" (1712), Sir Richard Blackmore observed: "We may pronounce each orb sustains a race / Of living things adapted to the place". The didactic poet Henry More took up the classical theme of the Greek Democritus in "Democritus Platonissans, or an Essay Upon the Infinity of Worlds" (1647). With the new relative viewpoint that the Copernican revolution had wrought, he suggested "our world's sunne / Becomes a starre elsewhere". Fontanelle's "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds" (translated into English in 1686) offered similar excursions on the possibility of extraterrestrial life, expanding, rather than denying, the creative sphere of a Maker.
The possibility of extraterrestrials remained a widespread speculation as scientific discovery accelerated. William Herschel, the discoverer of Uranus, was one of many 18th-19th century astronomers convinced that our Solar System, and perhaps others, would be well-populated by alien life. Other luminaries of the period who championed "cosmic pluralism" included Immanuel Kant and Benjamin Franklin. At the height of the Enlightenment, even the Sun and Moon were considered candidates for extraterrestrial inhabitants.
This enthusiasm toward the possibility of alien life continued well into the 20th century. Indeed, the (roughly) three centuries from the Scientific Revolution through to the beginning of the modern era of solar system probes were essentially the zenith for belief in extraterrestrials in the West. Many astronomers and other secular thinkers, at least some religious thinkers, and much of the general public were largely satisfied that aliens were a reality. This trend was finally tempered as actual probes visited potential alien abodes in the solar system. The moon was decisively ruled out as a possibility, while Venus and Mars, long the two main candidates for extraterrestrials, showed no obvious evidence of current life. The other large moons of our system which have been visited appear similarly lifeless, though the interesting geothermic forces observed (Io's volcanism, Europa's ocean, Titan's thick atmosphere) have underscored how broad the range of potentially habitable environments may be. Although the hypothesis of a deliberate cosmic silence of advanced extraterrestrials is also a possibility,[13] the failure of the SETI program to detect anything resembling an intelligent radio signal after four decades of effort has at least partially dimmed the prevailing optimism of the beginning of the space age. Notwithstanding, the unproven belief in extraterrestrial beings is voiced (not as a hypothesis) in pseudoscience, conspiracy theories in popular folklore like about 'Area 51' and legends. Emboldened critics[who?] view the search for extraterrestrials as unscientific, despite the fact that the SETI program is not the result of a continuous, dedicated search, but instead utilizes what resources and manpower it can, when it can. Furthermore, the SETI program only searches a limited range of frequencies at any one time.[14]
Thus, the three decades preceding the turn of the second millennium saw a crossroads reached in beliefs in alien life. The prospect of ubiquitous, intelligent, space-faring civilizations in our galaxy appears increasingly dubious to many scientists. Still, in the words of SETI's Frank Drake, "All we know for sure is that the sky is not littered with powerful microwave transmitters".[15] Drake has also noted that it is entirely possible that advanced technology results in communication being carried out in some way other than conventional radio transmission. At the same time, the data returned by space probes, and giant strides in detection methods, have allowed science to begin delineating habitability criteria on other worlds, and to confirm that at least other planets are plentiful, though aliens remain a question mark. The Wow! signal, from SETI, remains a speculative debate.
In 2000, geologist and paleontologist Peter Ward and astrobiologist Donald Brownlee published a book entitled Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe.[16] In it, they discussed the Rare Earth hypothesis, in which they claim that Earth-like life is rare in the universe, while microbial life is common. Ward and Brownlee are open to the idea of evolution on other planets which is not based on essential Earth-like characteristics (such as DNA and carbon).
The possible existence of primitive (microbial) life outside of Earth is much less controversial to mainstream scientists, although, at present, no direct evidence of such life has been found. Indirect evidence has been offered for the current existence of primitive life on Mars. However, the conclusions that should be drawn from such evidence remain in debate.
The scientific search for extraterrestrial life is being carried both directly and indirectly.
Scientists are directly searching for evidence of unicellular life within the solar system, carrying out studies on the surface of Mars and examining meteors which have fallen to Earth. A mission is also proposed to Europa, one of Jupiter's moons with a possible liquid water layer under its surface, which might contain life.
There is some limited evidence that microbial life might possibly exist (or have existed) on Mars.[17] An experiment on the Viking Mars lander reported gas emissions from heated Martian soil that some argue are consistent with the presence of microbes. However, the lack of corroborating evidence from other experiments on the Viking indicates that a non-biological reaction is a more likely hypothesis. Independently, in 1996, structures resembling nanobacteria were reportedly discovered in a meteorite, ALH84001, thought to be formed of rock ejected from Mars. This report is also controversial, and scientific debate continues.
In February 2005, NASA scientists reported that they had found strong evidence of present life on Mars.[18] The two scientists, Carol Stoker and Larry Lemke of NASA's Ames Research Center, based their claims on methane signatures found in Mars' atmosphere resembling the methane production of some forms of primitive life on Earth, as well as on their own study of primitive life near the Rio Tinto river in Spain. NASA officials soon denied the scientists' claims, and Stoker herself backed off from her initial assertions.[19]
Though such findings are still very much in debate, support among scientists for the belief in the existence of life on Mars seems to be growing. In an informal survey conducted at the conference at which the European Space Agency presented its findings, 75 percent of the scientists in attendance were reported to believe that life once existed on Mars, and 25 percent reported a belief that life currently exists there.[20]
The Gaia hypothesis stipulates that any planet with a robust population of life will have an atmosphere not in chemical equilibrium, which is relatively easy to determine from a distance by spectroscopy. However, significant advances in the ability to find and resolve light from smaller rocky worlds near to their star are necessary before this can be used to analyze extrasolar planets.
It is theorized that any technological society in space will be transmitting information, although this is arguable, as there are generally no human systems intentionally, randomly, transmitting information into deep space, so there is no guarantee that any other species would do so, either. Also, the length of time required for a signal to travel across the vastness of space means that any signal detected or not detected would come from the distant past.Nevertheless, Projects such as SETI are conducting an astronomical search for radio activity which would confirm the presence of intelligent life. A related suggestion is that aliens might broadcast pulsed and continuous laser signals in the optical, as well as infrared, spectrum;[21] laser signals have the advantage of not "smearing" in the interstellar medium, and may prove more conducive to communication between the stars. While other communication techniques, including laser transmission and interstellar spaceflight, have been discussed seriously and may well be feasible, the measure of effectiveness is the amount of information communicated per unit cost, resulting with radio as the method of choice.
Astronomers also search for extrasolar planets that they believe would be conducive to life, such as Gliese 581 c, Gliese 581 d and OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, which have been found to have Earth-like qualities.[22][23] Current radiodetection methods have been inadequate for such a search, as the resolution afforded by recent technology is inadequate for a detailed study of extrasolar planetary objects. Future telescopes should be able to image planets around nearby stars, which may reveal the presence of life — either directly or through spectrography which would reveal key information, such as the presence of free oxygen in a planet's atmosphere:
It has been argued that Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to Earth, may contain planets which could be capable of sustaining life.[24]
On April 24, 2007, scientists at the European Southern Observatory in La Silla, Chile said they had found the first Earth-like planet. The planet, known as Gliese 581 c, orbits within the habitable zone of its star Gliese 581, a red dwarf star which is a scant 20.5 light years (194 trillion km) from the Earth. It was initially thought that this planet could contain liquid water, but recent computer simulations of the climate on Gliese 581c by Werner von Bloh and his team at Germany's Institute for Climate Impact Research suggest that carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere would create a runaway greenhouse effect. This would warm the planet well above the boiling point of water (100 degrees Celsius/212 degrees Fahrenheit), thus dimming the hopes of finding life. As a result of greenhouse models, scientists are now turning their attention to Gliese 581 d, which lies just outside of the star's traditional habitable zone.[25]
On May 29, 2007, the Associated Press released a report stating that scientists identified twenty-eight new extra-solar planetary bodies. One of these newly-discovered planets is said to have many similarities to Neptune.[26]
To date, 349 extrasolar planets have been discovered (with 37 multi-planet systems), and new discoveries occur monthly.[27]
In 1961, University of California, Santa Cruz astronomer and astrophysicist Dr. Frank Drake devised the Drake equation. This controversial equation multiplied estimates of the following terms together:
Drake used the equation to estimate that there are approximately 10,000 planets containing intelligent life, with the possible capability of communicating with Earth in the Milky Way galaxy.[28]
Based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope, there are at least 125 billion galaxies in the universe. It is estimated that at least ten percent of all sun-like stars have a system of planets[29], there are 6.25*1018 stars with planets orbiting them in the universe. If even a billionth of these stars have planets supporting life, there are some 6.25 billion life-supporting solar systems in the universe.
Many bodies in the Solar System have been suggested as being capable of containing conventional organic life. The most commonly suggested ones are listed below; of these, five of the ten are moons, and are thought to have large bodies of underground liquid (streams), where life may have evolved in a similar fashion to deep sea vents.
Numerous other bodies have been suggested as potential hosts for microbial life. Fred Hoyle has proposed that life might exist on comets, as some Earth microbes managed to survive on a lunar probe for many years. However, it is considered highly unlikely that complex multicellular organisms of the conventional chemistry of terrestrial life (i.e. animals and plants) could exist under these living conditions.
Time travel is the concept of moving between different moments in time in a manner analogous to moving between different points in space, either sending objects (or in some cases just information) backwards in time to a moment before the present, or sending objects forward from the present to the future without the need to experience the intervening period (at least not at the normal rate). Some interpretations of time travel also suggest that an attempt to travel backwards in time might take one to a parallel universe whose history would begin to diverge from the traveler's original history after the moment the traveler arrived in the past.[1] Although time travel has been a common plot device in fiction since the 19th century, and one-way travel into the future is arguably possible given the phenomenon of time dilation based on velocity in the theory of special relativity (exemplified by the twin paradox) as well as gravitational time dilation in the theory of general relativity, it is currently unknown whether the laws of physics would allow backwards time travel. Time travel has not been proven to be impossible or possible. Any technological device, whether fictional or hypothetical, that is used to achieve time travel is commonly known as a time machine.
Some theories, most notably special and general relativity, suggest that suitable geometries of spacetime, or specific types of motion in space, might allow time travel into the past and future if these geometries or motions are possible.[10] In technical papers, physicists generally avoid the commonplace language of "moving" or "traveling" through time ('movement' normally refers only to a change in spatial position as the time coordinate is varied), and instead discuss the possibility of closed timelike curves, which are worldlines that form closed loops in spacetime, allowing objects to return to their own past. There are known to be solutions to the equations of general relativity that describe spacetimes which contain closed timelike curves (such as Gödel spacetime), but the physical plausibility of these solutions is uncertain.
Physicists take for granted that if one were to move away from the Earth at relativistic velocities and return, more time would have passed on Earth than for the traveler, so in this sense it is accepted that relativity allows "travel into the future" (although according to relativity there is no single objective answer to how much time has 'really' passed between the departure and the return). On the other hand, many in the scientific community believe that backwards time travel is highly unlikely. Any theory which would allow time travel would require that issues of causality be resolved. The classic example of a problem involving causality is the "grandfather paradox": what if one were to go back in time and kill one's own grandfather before one's father was conceived? But some scientists believe that paradoxes can be avoided, either by appealing to the Novikov self-consistency principle or to the notion of branching parallel universes (see the possibility of paradoxes below).
Stephen Hawking once suggested that the absence of tourists from the future constitutes an argument against the existence of time travel—a variant of the Fermi paradox. Of course this would not prove that time travel is physically impossible, since it might be that time travel is physically possible but that it is never in fact developed (or is cautiously never used); and even if it is developed, Hawking notes elsewhere that time travel might only be possible in a region of spacetime that is warped in the right way, and that if we cannot create such a region until the future, then time travelers would not be able to travel back before that date, so "This picture would explain why we haven't been over run by tourists from the future."[11] Carl Sagan also once suggested the possibility that time travelers could be here, but are disguising their existence or are not recognized as time travelers. [12]
However, the theory of general relativity does suggest scientific grounds for thinking backwards time travel could be possible in certain unusual scenarios, although arguments from semiclassical gravity suggest that when quantum effects are incorporated into general relativity, these loopholes may be closed.[13] These semiclassical arguments led Hawking to formulate the chronology protection conjecture, suggesting that the fundamental laws of nature prevent time travel,[14] but physicists cannot come to a definite judgment on the issue without a theory of quantum gravity to join quantum mechanics and general relativity into a completely unified theory.[15]
Time travel to the past is theoretically allowed using the following methods:[16]
If one were able to move information or matter from one point to another faster than light, then according to special relativity, there would be some inertial frame of reference in which the signal or object was moving backwards in time. This is a consequence of the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity, which says that in some cases different reference frames will disagree on whether two events at different locations happened "at the same time" or not, and they can also disagree on the order of the two events (technically, these disagreements occur when spacetime interval between the events is 'space-like', meaning that neither event lies in the future light cone of the other).[17] If one of the two events represents the sending of a signal from one location and the second event represents the reception of the same signal at another location, then as long as the signal is moving at the speed of light or slower, the mathematics of simultaneity ensures that all reference frames agree that the transmission-event happened before the reception-event.[17]
However, in the case of a hypothetical signal moving faster than light, there would always be some frames in which the signal was received before it was sent, so that the signal could be said to have moved backwards in time. And since one of the two fundamental postulates of special relativity says that the laws of physics should work the same way in every inertial frame, then if it is possible for signals to move backwards in time in any one frame, it must be possible in all frames. This means that if observer A sends a signal to observer B which moves FTL (faster than light) in A's frame but backwards in time in B's frame, and then B sends a reply which moves FTL in B's frame but backwards in time in A's frame, it could work out that A receives the reply before sending the original signal, a clear violation of causality in every frame. An illustration of such a scenario using spacetime diagrams can be found here.
According to special relativity it would take an infinite amount of energy to accelerate a slower-than-light object to the speed of light, and although relativity does not forbid the theoretical possibility of tachyons which move faster than light at all times, when analyzed using quantum field theory it seems that it would not actually be possible to use them to transmit information faster than light,[18] and there is no evidence for their existence.
The general theory of relativity extends the special theory to cover gravity, illustrating it in terms of curvature in spacetime caused by mass-energy and the flow of momentum. General relativity describes the universe under a system of field equations, and there exist solutions to these equations that permit what are called "closed time-like curves," and hence time travel into the past.[10] The first of these was proposed by Kurt Gödel, a solution known as the Gödel metric, but his (and many others') example requires the universe to have physical characteristics that it does not appear to have.[10] Whether general relativity forbids closed time-like curves for all realistic conditions is unknown.
Wormholes are a hypothetical warped spacetime which are also permitted by the Einstein field equations of general relativity,[19] although it would be impossible to travel through a wormhole unless it was what is known as a traversable wormhole.
A proposed time-travel machine using a traversable wormhole would (hypothetically) work in the following way: One end of the wormhole is accelerated to some significant fraction of the speed of light, perhaps with some advanced propulsion system, and then brought back to the point of origin. Alternatively, another way is to take one entrance of the wormhole and move it to within the gravitational field of an object that has higher gravity than the other entrance, and then return it to a position near the other entrance. For both of these methods, time dilation causes the end of the wormhole that has been moved to have aged less than the stationary end, as seen by an external observer; however, time connects differently through the wormhole than outside it, so that synchronized clocks at either end of the wormhole will always remain synchronized as seen by an observer passing through the wormhole, no matter how the two ends move around.[20] This means that an observer entering the accelerated end would exit the stationary end when the stationary end was the same age that the accelerated end had been at the moment before entry; for example, if prior to entering the wormhole the observer noted that a clock at the accelerated end read a date of 2007 while a clock at the stationary end read 2012, then the observer would exit the stationary end when its clock also read 2007, a trip backwards in time as seen by other observers outside. One significant limitation of such a time machine is that it is only possible to go as far back in time as the initial creation of the machine;[21] in essence, it is more of a path through time than it is a device that itself moves through time, and it would not allow the technology itself to be moved backwards in time. This could provide an alternative explanation for Hawking's observation: a time machine will be built someday, but has not yet been built, so the tourists from the future cannot reach this far back in time.
According to current theories on the nature of wormholes, construction of a traversable wormhole would require the existence of a substance with negative energy (often referred to as "exotic matter") . More technically, the wormhole spacetime requires a distribution of energy that violates various energy conditions, such as the null energy condition along with the weak, strong, and dominant energy conditions.[22] However, it is known that quantum effects can lead to small measurable violations of the null energy condition,[22] and many physicists believe that the required negative energy may actually be possible due to the Casimir effect in quantum physics.[23] Although early calculations suggested a very large amount of negative energy would be required, later calculations showed that the amount of negative energy can be made arbitrarily small.[24]
In 1993, Matt Visser argued that the two mouths of a wormhole with such an induced clock difference could not be brought together without inducing quantum field and gravitational effects that would either make the wormhole collapse or the two mouths repel each other.[25] Because of this, the two mouths could not be brought close enough for causality violation to take place. However, in a 1997 paper, Visser hypothesized that a complex "Roman ring" (named after Tom Roman) configuration of an N number of wormholes arranged in a symmetric polygon could still act as a time machine, although he concludes that this is more likely a flaw in classical quantum gravity theory rather than proof that causality violation is possible.[26]
Another approach involves a dense spinning cylinder usually referred to as a Tipler cylinder, a GR solution discovered by Willem Jacob van Stockum[27] in 1936 and Kornel Lanczos[28] in 1924, but not recognized as allowing closed timelike curves[29] until an analysis by Frank Tipler[30] in 1974. If a cylinder is infinitely long and spins fast enough about its long axis, then a spaceship flying around the cylinder on a spiral path could travel back in time (or forward, depending on the direction of its spiral). However, the density and speed required is so great that ordinary matter is not strong enough to construct it. A similar device might be built from a cosmic string, but none are known to exist, and it does not seem to be possible to create a new cosmic string.
Physicist Robert Forward noted that a naïve application of general relativity to quantum mechanics suggests another way to build a time machine. A heavy atomic nucleus in a strong magnetic field would elongate into a cylinder, whose density and "spin" are enough to build a time machine. Gamma rays projected at it might allow information (not matter) to be sent back in time; however, he pointed out that until we have a single theory combining relativity and quantum mechanics, we will have no idea whether such speculations are nonsense.[citation needed]
A more fundamental objection to time travel schemes based on rotating cylinders or cosmic strings has been put forward by Stephen Hawking, who proved a theorem showing that according to general relativity it is impossible to build a time machine of a special type (a "time machine with the compactly generated Cauchy horizon") in a region where the weak energy condition is satisfied, meaning that the region contains no matter with negative energy density (exotic matter). Solutions such as Tipler's assume cylinders of infinite length, which are easier to analyze mathematically, and although Tipler suggested that a finite cylinder might produce closed timelike curves if the rotation rate were fast enough,[31] he did not prove this. But Hawking points out that because of his theorem, "it can't be done with positive energy density everywhere! I can prove that to build a finite time machine, you need negative energy."[32] This result comes from Hawking's 1992 paper on the chronology protection conjecture, where he examines "the case that the causality violations appear in a finite region of spacetime without curvature singularities" and proves that "[t]here will be a Cauchy horizon that is compactly generated and that in general contains one or more closed null geodesics which will be incomplete. One can define geometrical quantities that measure the Lorentz boost and area increase o
An esper refers to an individual capable of telepathy and other similar paranormal abilities. The term was apparently coined by Alfred Bester in his 1950 short story "Oddy and Id",[1] and is derived from the abbreviation ESP for extrasensory perception.
Extrasensory perception (ESP) involves reception of information not gained through the recognized senses and not inferred from previous experience. The term was coined by German psychical researcher, Rudolf Tischner, and adopted by Duke University psychologist J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities such as telepathy and clairvoyance, and their trans-temporal operation as precognition or retrocognition. ESP is also sometimes casually referred to as a sixth sense, gut instinct or hunch. The term implies acquisition of information by means external to the basic limiting assumptions of science, such as that organisms can only receive information from the past to the present.
Parapsychology is the study of paranormal psychic phenomena, including ESP. Parapsychologists generally regard such tests as the ganzfeld experiment as providing compelling evidence for the existence of ESP. The scientific community does not accept this due to the disputed evidence base, the lack of a theory which would explain ESP, and the lack of experimental techniques which can provide reliably positive results.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
The notion of extrasensory perception existed in antiquity. In many ancient cultures, such powers were ascribed to people who purported to use them for second sight or communicate with deities, ancestors, spirits, and the like.
In the 1930s, at Duke University in North Carolina, J. B. Rhine and his wife Louisa tried to develop psychical research into an experimental science. To avoid the connotations of hauntings and the seance room, they renamed it "parapsychology." While Louisa Rhine concentrated on collecting accounts of spontaneous cases, J. B. Rhine worked largely in the laboratory, carefully defining terms such as ESP and psi and designing experiments to test them. A simple set of cards was developed, originally called Zener cards[7] (after their designer)—now called ESP cards. They bear the symbols circle, square, wavy lines, cross, and star; there are five cards of each in a pack of 25.
In a telepathy experiment the "sender" looks at a series of cards while the "receiver" guesses the symbols. To try to observe clairvoyance, the pack of cards is hidden from everyone while the receiver guesses. To try to observe precognition, the order of the cards is determined after the guesses are made.
In all such experiments the order of the cards must be random so that hits are not obtained through systematic biases or prior knowledge. At first the cards were shuffled by hand, then by machine. Later, random number tables were used and, nowadays, computers. An advantage of ESP cards is that statistics can easily be applied to determine whether the number of hits obtained is higher than would be expected by chance. Rhine used ordinary people as subjects and claimed that, on average, they did significantly better than chance expectation. Later he used dice to test for psychokinesis and also claimed results that were better than chance.
In 1940, Rhine, J.G. Pratt, and others at Duke authored a review of all card-guessing experiments conducted internationally since 1882. Titled Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years, it has become recognised as the first meta-analysis in science.[8] It included details of replications of Rhine's studies. Through these years, 50 studies were published, of which 33 were contributed by investigators other than Rhine and the Duke University group; 61% of these independent studies reported significant results suggestive of ESP.[9] Among these were psychologists at Colorado University and Hunter College, New York, who completed the studies with the largest number of trials and the highest levels of significance.[10][11] Replication failures encouraged Rhine to further research into the conditions necessary to experimentally produce the effect. He maintained, however, that it was not replicability, or even a fundamental theory of ESP that would evolve research, but only a greater interest in unconscious mental processes and a more complete understanding of human personality.[12]
One of the first statistical studies of ESP, using card-guessing, was conducted by Ina Jephson, in the 1920s. She reported mixed findings across two studies. More successful experiments were conducted with procedures other than card-guessing. G.N.M. Tyrrell used automated target-selection and data-recording in guessing the location of a future point of light. Whateley Carington experimented on the paranormal cognition of drawings of randomly selected words, using participants from across the globe. J. Hettinger studied the ability to retrieve information associated with token objects.[13]
Less successful was University of London mathematician Samuel Soal in his attempted replications of the card-guessing studies. However, following a hypothesis suggested by Carington on the basis of his own findings, Soal re-analysed his data for evidence of what Carington termed displacement. Soal discovered, to his surprise, that two of his former participants, Basil Shackleton and Gloria Stewart, evidenced displacement: i.e., their responses significantly corresponded to targets for trials one removed from which they were assigned. Soal sought to confirm this finding by testing these participants in new experiments. Conducted during the war years, into the 1950s, under tightly controlled conditions, they produced highly significant results suggestive of precognitive telepathy. The findings were convincing for many other scientists and philosophers regarding telepathy and the claims of Rhine, but were also prominently critiqued as fraudulent, until, following Soal's death in 1975, support for them was largely abandoned. (For references and further information, see Samuel Soal.)
Rhine and other parapsychologists found that some subjects, or some conditions, produced significant below-chance scoring (psi-missing); or that scores declined during testing (the "decline effect").[14][15] Some such "internal effects" in ESP scores have also appeared to be idiosyncratic to particular participants or research methods. Most notable is the focusing effect identified in the decade-long research with Pavel Stepanek.
Personality measures have also been tested. People who believe in psi ("sheep") tend to score above chance, while those who do not believe in psi ("goats") show null results or psi-missing. This has become known as the "sheep-goat effect".[16]
Prediction of decline and other position effects has proved challenging, although they have been often identified in data gathered for the purpose of observing other effects.[17] Personality and attitudinal effects have shown greater predictability, with meta-analysis of parapsychological databases showing the sheep-goat effect, and other traits, to have significant and reliable effects over the accumulated data.[18][19]
In the 1960s, in line with the development of cognitive psychology and humanistic psychology, parapsychologists became increasingly interested in the cognitive components of ESP, the subjective experience involved in making ESP responses, and the role of ESP in psychological life. Memory, for instance, was offered as a better model of psi than perception. This called for experimental procedures that were not limited to Rhine's favoured forced-choice methodology. Free-response measures, such as used by Carington in the 1930s, were developed with attempts to raise the sensitivity of participants to their cognitions. These procedures included relaxation, meditation, REM-sleep, and the Ganzfeld (a mild sensory deprivation procedure). These studies have proved to be even more successful than Rhine's forced-choice paradigm, with meta-analyses evidencing reliable effects, and many confirmatory replication studies.[20][21] Methodological hypotheses have still been raised to explain the results, while others have sought to advance theoretical development in parapsychology on their bases. Moving research out of the laboratory and into naturalistic settings, and taking advantage of naturally occurring conditions, has been a related development.
The study of psi phenomena such as ESP is called parapsychology. The consensus of the Parapsychological Association is that certain types of psychic phenomena such as psychokinesis, telepathy, and astral projection are well established.[22][5][23]
A great deal of reported extrasensory perception is said to occur spontaneously in conditions which are not scientifically controlled. Such experiences have often been reported to be much stronger and more obvious than those observed in laboratory experiments. These reports, rather than laboratory evidence, have historically been the basis for the extremely widespread belief in the authenticity of these phenomena. However, it has proven extremely difficult (perhaps impossible) to replicate such extraordinary experiences under controlled scientific conditions.[5]
Those who believe that ESP may exist point to numerous studies that appear to offer evidence of the phenomenon's existence: the work of J. B. Rhine, Russell Targ, Harold E. Puthoff and physicists at SRI International in the 1970s, and many others, are often cited in arguments that ESP exists.
The main current debate concerning ESP surrounds whether or not statistically compelling laboratory evidence for it has already been accumulated.[5][24] The most compelling and repeatable results are all small to moderate statistical results. Some dispute the positive interpretation of results obtained in scientific studies of ESP, because they are difficult to reproduce reliably, and are small effects. Parapsychologists have argued that the data from numerous studies show that certain individuals have consistently produced remarkable results while the remainder have constituted a highly significant trend that cannot be dismissed even if the effect is small.[25]
There is a common belief that a hypnotized person would be able to demonstrate ESP. Carl Sargent, a psychology major at the University of Cambridge, heard about the early claims of a hypnosis – ESP link and designed an experiment to test whether they had merit. He recruited 40 fellow college students, none of whom identified themselves as having ESP, and then divided them into a group that would be hypnotized before being tested with a pack of 25 Zener cards, and a control group that would be tested with the same Zener cards. The control subjects averaged a score of 5 out of 25 right, exactly what chance would indicate. The subjects who were hypnotized did more than twice as well, averaging a score of 11.9 out of 25 right. Sargent's own interpretation of the experiment is that ESP is associated with a relaxed state of mind and a freer, more atavistic level of consciousness.[dubious – discuss][citation needed]
Among scientists in the National Academy of Sciences, 96% described themselves as "skeptical" of ESP, although 2% believed in psi and 10% felt that parapsychological research should be encouraged.[26] The National Academy of Sciences had previously sponsored the Enhancing Human Performance report on mental development programs, which was critical of parapsychology.[27]
A scientific methodology that shows statistically significant evidence for ESP has not been documented. The lack of a viable theory of the mechanism behind ESP is also frequently cited as a source of skepticism. Historical cases in which flaws have been discovered in the experimental design of parapsychological studies, and the occasional cases of fraud marred the field.[28]
Critics of experimental parapsychology hold that there are no consistent and agreed-upon standards by which "ESP powers" may be tested, in the way one might test for, say, electrical current or the chemical composition of a substance. It is argued that when psychics are challenged by skeptics and fail to prove their alleged powers, they assign all sorts of reasons for their failure, such as that the skeptic is affecting the experiment with "negative energy." (See: Texas sharpshooter fallacy)
Water in culture
Some faiths use water especially prepared for religious purposes (holy water in some Christian denominations, Amrita in Sikhism and Hinduism). Many religions also consider particular sources or bodies of water to be sacred or at least auspicious; examples include Lourdes in Roman Catholicism, the Jordan River (at least symbolically) in some Christian churches, the Zamzam Well in Islam and the River Ganges (among many others) in Hinduism.
Water is often believed to have spiritual powers. In Celtic mythology, Sulis is the local goddess of thermal springs; in Hinduism, the Ganges is also personified as a goddess, while Saraswati have been referred to as goddess in Vedas. Also water is one of the "panch-tatva"s (basic 5 elements, others including fire, earth, space, air). Alternatively, gods can be patrons of particular springs, rivers, or lakes: for example in Greek and Roman mythology, Peneus was a river god, one of the three thousand Oceanids.
The Ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles held that water is one of the four classical elements along with fire, earth and air, and was regarded as the ylem, or basic substance of the universe. Water was considered cold and moist. In the theory of the four bodily humors, water was associated with phlegm. The classical element of Water was also one of the five elements in traditional Chinese philosophy, along with earth, fire, wood, and metal.
Water is also taken as a role model in some parts of traditional and popular Asian philosophy. James Legge's 1891 translation of the Dao De Jing states "The highest excellence is like (that of) water. The excellence of water appears in its benefiting all things, and in its occupying, without striving (to the contrary), the low place which all men dislike. Hence (its way) is near to (that of) the Tao" and "There is nothing in the world more soft and weak than water, and yet for attacking things that are firm and strong there is nothing that can take precedence of it;--for there is nothing (so effectual) for which it can be changed."[41]
Water is used in literature as a symbol of purification.
Water is described in many terms and contexts:
..........and the deeper levels we need to discuss......
These properties are brought about by the hydrogen-bonded environment particularly evident in liquid water [1423]. Hydrogen bonds are roughly tetrahedrally and arranged such that when strongly formed the local clustering expands, decreasing the density. Such low density structuring naturally occurs at low and supercooled temperatures and gives rise to many physical and chemical properties that evidence the particular uniqueness of liquid water. If aqueous hydrogen bonds were actually somewhat stronger, then water would behave similar to a glass, whereas if they were weaker then water would be a gas and only exist as a liquid at sub-zero temperatures.
The quantitative and qualitative consequences of strengthening or weakening of the hydrogen bond in water are considered here. It is found that if the hydrogen bond strength was slightly different from its natural value then there may be considerable consequences for life. Water would not be liquid on the surface of Earth at its average temperature if the hydrogen bonds were as little changed as 7% stronger or 29% weaker. The temperature of maximum density naturally occurring at about 4°C would disappear if the hydrogen bonds were just 2% weaker. Major consequences for life are found if the hydrogen bonds did not have their natural strength. Even very slight strengthening of the hydrogen bonds may have substantial effects on normal metabolism. Water ionization becomes much less evident if the hydrogen bonds are just a few percent stronger but pure water contains considerably more H+ ions if they are few percent weaker. The important alkali metal ions Na+ and K+ lose their distinctive properties if the hydrogen bonds are 11% stronger or 11% weaker respectively. Hydration of proteins and nucleic acids depends importantly on the relative strength of the biomolecule-water interactions as compared with the water-water hydrogen bond interactions. Stronger water hydrogen bonding leads to water molecules clustering together and so not being available for biomolecular hydration. Generally, the extended denatured forms of proteins become more soluble in water if the hydrogen bonds become substantially stronger or weaker. If the changes in this bonding are sufficient, present natural globular proteins cannot exist in liquid water. [Back to Top ]
How much variation in water’s hydrogen bond is acceptable for life to exist? A superficial examination gives the range of qualitative effects as indicated below.
Main consequence
No Hydrogen-bonding at all
No life
Hydrogen bonds slightly weaker
Life at lower temperatures
No change
Life as we know it
Hydrogen bonds slightly stronger
Life at higher temperatures
Hydrogen bonds very strong
Intriguingly, liquid water acts in subtly different manners as circumstances change, responding to variations in the physical and molecular environments and occasionally acting as though it were present as more than one liquid phase. Sometimes liquid water is free flowing whilst at other times, in other places or under subtly different conditions, it acts more like a weak gel. Shifts in the hydrogen bond strength may fix water’s properties at one of these extremes to the detriment of processes requiring the opposite character. Evolution has used the present natural responsiveness and variety in the liquid water properties such that it is now required for life as we know it. DNA would not form helices able to both zip and unzip without the present hydrogen bond strength. Enzymes would not possess their 3-D structure without it, nor would they retain their controlled flexibility required for their biological action. Compartmentalization of life’s processes by the use of membranes with subtle permeabilities would not be possible without water’s intermediate hydrogen bond strength.
In liquid water, the balance between the directional component of hydrogen bonding and the isotropic van der Waals attractions is finely poised. Increased strength of the hydrogen bond directionality gives rise to ordered clustering with consequential effects on physical parameters tending towards a glass-like state, whereas reducing its strength reduces the size and cohesiveness of the clusters with the properties of water then tending towards those of its isoelectronic neighbors methane and neon, where only van der Waals attractions remain.
Shown opposite (and below) are variations in water’s physical properties with changes in its hydrogen bond strength.b
Quite small percentage changes in the strength of the aqueous hydrogen bond may give rise to large percentage changes in such physical properties as melting point, boiling point, density and viscosity. Some of these potential changes may not significantly impinge on life’s processes, (e.g. compressibility or the speed of sound) but others are of paramount importance.
Although in most cases, weakening or strengthening of the hydrogen bond strengths cause contrary effects on the physical properties, this is not always the case if the hydrogen bond strength tends towards high or low extremes.
Change on H-bond strengthening
Change on H-bond weakening
Melting point
Increase
Decrease
Boiling point
State, at ambient conditions on Earth
->Solid glass
->Gas
Adhesion
Cohesion
Compressibility
Density
Dielectric constant
Diffusion coefficient
Enthalpy of vaporization
Glass transition
Ionization
Increase -> Decrease
Solubility, hydrophile
Solubility, small hydrophobe
Decrease -> Increase
Specific heat
Surface tension
Thermal conductivity
Viscosity
......and our understanding of difference begins to grow still?
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or extensional stress. In everyday terms (and for fluids only), viscosity is "thickness." Thus, water is "thin," having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick" having a higher viscosity. Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. For example, high-viscosity magma will create a tall, steep stratovolcano, because it cannot flow far before it cools, while low-viscosity lava will create a wide, shallow-sloped shield volcano. Put simply, the less viscous something is, the greater its ease of movement (fluidity). [1] All real fluids (except superfluids) have some resistance to stress, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or inviscid fluid. The study of viscosity is known as rheology
“Rheology is the study of the flow of materials that behave in an interesting or unusual manner. Oil and water flow in familiar, normal ways, whereas mayonnaise, peanut butter, chocolate, bread dough, and Silly Putty flow in complex and unusual ways. In rheology, we study the flows of unusual materials.” "Rheology (pronounced /riˈɒlədʒi/) is the study of the flow of matter: mainly liquids but also soft solids or solids under conditions in which they flow rather than deform elastically[1]. It applies to substances which have a complex structure, including muds, sludges, suspensions, polymers, many foods, bodily fluids, and other biological materials. The flow of these substances cannot be characterized by a single value of viscosity (at a fixed temperature)[2] - instead the viscosity changes due to other factors. For example ketchup can have its viscosity reduced by shaking, but water cannot." Hydrogen (pronounced /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/[2]) is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass.[3] Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth. Industrial production is from hydrocarbons such as methane with most being used "captively" at the production site. The two largest uses are in fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen may be produced from the electrolysis of water or other hydrogen production methods like the reforming of natural gas.[4] The most common isotope of hydrogen is protium (name rarely used, symbol H) with a single proton and no neutrons. In ionic compounds it can take a negative charge (an anion known as a hydride and written as H−), or as a positively-charged species H+. The latter cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds always occur as more complex species. Hydrogen forms compounds with most elements and is present in water and most organic compounds. It plays a particularly important role in acid-base chemistry with many reactions exchanging protons between soluble molecules. As the only neutral atom with an analytic solution to the Schrödinger equation, the study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics. Hydrogen is important in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals,[5] complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.[6] Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals[7] and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals.[8] Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice
“Rheology is the study of the flow of materials that behave in an interesting or unusual manner. Oil and water flow in familiar, normal ways, whereas mayonnaise, peanut butter, chocolate, bread dough, and Silly Putty flow in complex and unusual ways. In rheology, we study the flows of unusual materials.”
"Rheology (pronounced /riˈɒlədʒi/) is the study of the flow of matter: mainly liquids but also soft solids or solids under conditions in which they flow rather than deform elastically[1]. It applies to substances which have a complex structure, including muds, sludges, suspensions, polymers, many foods, bodily fluids, and other biological materials. The flow of these substances cannot be characterized by a single value of viscosity (at a fixed temperature)[2] - instead the viscosity changes due to other factors. For example ketchup can have its viscosity reduced by shaking, but water cannot."
Hydrogen (pronounced /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/[2]) is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element.
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass.[3] Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth. Industrial production is from hydrocarbons such as methane with most being used "captively" at the production site. The two largest uses are in fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen may be produced from the electrolysis of water or other hydrogen production methods like the reforming of natural gas.[4]
The most common isotope of hydrogen is protium (name rarely used, symbol H) with a single proton and no neutrons. In ionic compounds it can take a negative charge (an anion known as a hydride and written as H−), or as a positively-charged species H+. The latter cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds always occur as more complex species. Hydrogen forms compounds with most elements and is present in water and most organic compounds. It plays a particularly important role in acid-base chemistry with many reactions exchanging protons between soluble molecules. As the only neutral atom with an analytic solution to the Schrödinger equation, the study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.
Hydrogen is important in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals,[5] complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.[6] Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals[7] and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals.[8] Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice
Oxygen (pronounced /ˈɒksɨdʒɨn/, from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys) (acid, literally "sharp", from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter) is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, and is a highly reactive nonmetallic period 2 element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements. At standard temperature and pressure two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen and helium[1] and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust.[2] Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9% of the volume of air.[3]
.....................We have just moved in a direction many will not find...
...We are should take time to look around us... take time to notice.... for regardless of our conscious we remain buoyant...
..........Take your time and remember your guide........
We have covered many topics up to this point, and have not even begun....or have we?
...Let all of use venture back to THe Beginning, so that when we again meet on the Level, we now depart...we shall all meet in peace.
...Bless... http://mind.impulsedriven.net
....and for the new.............. "welcome".........we also invite you as well...
etymos.....logos? .....Before thinking of the name of a idea...lets get a deeper understanding
of these..... .....There is knowledge here...... 4 some 1....
As its own origin from the Greek (etymos, “true”; logos, “word”) shows, etymology was first used as a philosophical term. The
Greek Stoics believed that words and their meanings exist in nature, as the real counterparts of things and abstract ideas, rather than as conventions invented and agreed upon by human beings. Long before the foundation of the Stoic school, however, Plato had used a method similar to modern etymology in his Cratylus, a dialogue on the meaning of words. The first formal treatise on etymology, however, was Indian, dating as far back perhaps as the 5th century bc, and was composed to explain the difficult words in the Rig-Veda, the oldest and most important of the Hindu sacred books.
Early attempts at etymology were naive and incorrect according to phonetic evolution. This primitive kind of etymology is still common and is known as popular, or folk, etymology. Among those unfamiliar with the history of words, the attempt is frequently made to etymologize them in terms of other words to which they may have some phonetic resemblance. In English, for example, the word island, properly “isle-land” (Anglo-Saxon īgland), has been explained as “land like an eye in the waters”; and asparagus (Greek asparagos, “a sprout”) has become corrupted to “sparrowgrass” in colloquial speech.
With the introduction of Sanskrit into Europe, etymology along more scientific lines was made possible. At about the beginning of the 19th century, European scholars studying Sanskrit noted its resemblance in vocabulary to Latin and Greek. The comparison of vocabularies was extended to other languages, and the idea of a common origin, an Indo-European parent language, was soon established. This, in turn, led to the establishment of certain principles concerning the sound changes that affected the forms of words in the different languages, that is, to the formulation of the phonetic laws. In the case of loan words—words borrowed from other languages—phonetic law is apparently violated, and it frequently happens that a language has two or more words derived from a single word, one being a regular phonetic development, the other a borrowed form. In this case the latter form, known by the French term mot savant, is usually differentiated in meaning from the former. Thus, in French and English such words as royal and regal are both from the Latin regalis, “kingly”; the form regal is borrowed directly from the Latin, and royal (French roi, “king,” from the Latin accusative regem) is the phonetically correct form. Loan words may also undergo the regular sound changes of the language into which they have been adopted. For example, the Latin pondus, “pound,” appears in Gothic and Anglo-Saxon as pund, with unchanged consonants, but in Old High German it is subject to the action of Grimm’s law and becomes phunt. Thus, in etymology attention must be given to the history of words and sometimes to the records of the tribes speaking them. The English wise (as in otherwise, in no wise) is akin to the Old High German wīs(a), modern German die Weise; but wise is a doublet of guise, the form assumed by wīs(a) in the Romance languages, which borrowed the word from the Germanic form. The same word thus may assume different forms in the same language, and, conversely, different words may become identical in form in a specific language. The large group of homonyms in every language is sufficient proof of this process. An excellent English example of such a phenomenon is sound, which is a conglomerate of several originally distinct words: Anglo-Saxon gesund, “hearty”; Anglo-Saxon sund, “a body of water”; and Latin sonus, “noise.”
...............Is all these words just noise? 2 U....?
Do you take the time to read from the start? Just a question....
Is there a answer? Will u answer?
Here at the sub level.... r things wha t they seem?.
.....True purpose is con sis tent as co her ent.....
Etymology
Al-Khwārizmī, Persian astronomer and mathematician, wrote a treatise in 825 AD, On Calculation with Arabic Numerals. (See algorism). It was translated into Latin in the 12th century as Algoritmi de numero Indorum (al-Daffa 1977), whose title was likely intended to mean "Algoritmi on the numbers of the Indians", where "Algoritmi" was the translator's rendition of the author's name; but people misunderstanding the title treated Algoritmi as a Latin plural and this led to the word "algorithm" (Latin algorismus) coming to mean "calculation method". The intrusive "th" is most likely due to a false cognate with the Greek ἀριθμός (arithmos) meaning "number".
..................We must prepare for the next..............
....We now hold ourselves accountable...............?
It is going to get steep ahead. I have just gone back and advised the un ready to rest..... and that I will take one group up the mountain side at a
"time".......THe ready then the un alike....
We must be serious, for our very lives depend upon our "surefootedness"...
"Simplicity is the key to brilliance." Bruce Lee ...................We agree............? There is knowledge here
Learn the principle, abide by the principle, and dissolve the principle. In short, enter a mold without being caged in it. Obey the principle without being bound by it. LEARN, MASTER AND ACHIEVE!!!
Be like water making its way through cracks. Do not be assertive, but adjust to the object, and you shall find a way round or through it. If nothing within you stays rigid, outward things will disclose themselves.
Empty your mind, be formless. Shapeless, like water. If you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You put water into a bottle and it becomes the bottle. You put it in a teapot it becomes the teapot. Now, water can flow or it can crash. Be water my friend.
....................The waters are deep..................
and it is from our base, that we should learn to bocome shapeless motion...fluid...formless...
Pure in our nature, from being at 1 with our surroundings...
"Be water my friend." .............and be friendly 2 water...
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
"Simplicity is the key to brilliance." Bruce Lee ...................We agree............? There is knowledge here "And then I think, 'Aw, who cares?" ...........Try again... and this time remember your breath...
"And then I think, 'Aw, who cares?"
...........Try again...
and this time remember your breath...
i think my brain just exploded
........Fellow travelers, we have been given our space...
and we are glad. But why would so much room be needed if dealing with a true base?
.......................................................... = space
but the space we just passed lacked construction,due to no infustucture.
...Even the author of the "space" did not use it, for they (saw / see) no vacancy...
....and if you help them pick up their pieces of brain... they may treat you as a equal, join n ing at the beginning....
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